#METABOLOMICS WORKBENCH Claude19_20240705_030929 DATATRACK_ID:4982 STUDY_ID:ST003399 ANALYSIS_ID:AN005579 PROJECT_ID:PR002105 VERSION 1 CREATED_ON August 7, 2024, 9:21 am #PROJECT PR:PROJECT_TITLE Chemical Biology Meets Metabolomics: The Response of Barley Seedlings to PR:PROJECT_TITLE 3,5-Dichloroanthranilic Acid, a Resistance Inducer PR:PROJECT_TYPE Plant metabolomics PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY Advances in combinatorial synthesis and high-throughput screening methods have PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY led to renewed interest in synthetic plant immune activators as well as priming PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY agents. 3,5-Dichloroanthranilic acid (3,5-DCAA) is a derivative of anthranilic PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY acid that have shown potency in activating defence mechanisms in Arabidopsis and PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY barley plants. Chemical biology which is the interface of chemistry and biology PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY can make use of metabolomics approaches and tools to better understand molecular PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY mechanisms operating in complex biological systems. Aim: Here we report on the PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY untargeted metabolomics profiling of barley seedlings treated with 3,5-DCAA to PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY gain deeper insights into the mechanism of action of this resistance inducer. PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY Methodology: Hydro-methanolic extracts from different time periods (12, 24 and PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY 36 h post-treatment) were analysed on ultra-high performance liquid PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY chromatography hyphenated with a high-resolution mass spectrometer. Both PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY unsupervised and supervised chemometric methods were used to reveal hidden PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY patterns and highlight metabolite variables associated with the treatment. PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY Results: Based on the metabolites identified, both the phenylpropanoid and PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY octadecanoid pathways appear to be main route activated by 3,5-DCAA. Different PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY classes of responsive metabolites were annotated with favonoids, more especially PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY flavones, the most dominant. Given the limited understanding of this inducer, PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY this study offers a metabolomics analysis of the response triggered by its PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY foliar application in barley. This additional insight could help make informed PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY decision for the development of more effective strategies for crop protection PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY and improvement, ultimately contributing to agricultural sustainability and PR:PROJECT_SUMMARY resilience. PR:INSTITUTE University of Johannesburg PR:DEPARTMENT Biochemistry PR:LABORATORY Plant metabolomics PR:LAST_NAME Claude Yasmine Hamany Djande PR:FIRST_NAME Claude Yasmine PR:ADDRESS 81A Fourth Avenue Westdene PR:EMAIL claudehamany@gmail.com PR:PHONE 0814415123 #STUDY ST:STUDY_TITLE Chemical Biology Meets Metabolomics: The Response of Barley Seedlings to ST:STUDY_TITLE 3,5-Dichloroanthranilic Acid, a Resistance Inducer ST:STUDY_TYPE Plant metabolomics ST:STUDY_SUMMARY Advances in combinatorial synthesis and high-throughput screening methods have ST:STUDY_SUMMARY led to renewed interest in synthetic plant immune activators as well as priming ST:STUDY_SUMMARY agents. 3,5-Dichloroanthranilic acid (3,5-DCAA) is a derivative of anthranilic ST:STUDY_SUMMARY acid that have shown potency in activating defence mechanisms in Arabidopsis and ST:STUDY_SUMMARY barley plants. Chemical biology which is the interface of chemistry and biology ST:STUDY_SUMMARY can make use of metabolomics approaches and tools to better understand molecular ST:STUDY_SUMMARY mechanisms operating in complex biological systems. Aim: Here we report on the ST:STUDY_SUMMARY untargeted metabolomics profiling of barley seedlings treated with 3,5-DCAA to ST:STUDY_SUMMARY gain deeper insights into the mechanism of action of this resistance inducer. ST:STUDY_SUMMARY Methodology: Hydro-methanolic extracts from different time periods (12, 24 and ST:STUDY_SUMMARY 36 h post-treatment) were analysed on ultra-high performance liquid ST:STUDY_SUMMARY chromatography hyphenated with a high-resolution mass spectrometer. Both ST:STUDY_SUMMARY unsupervised and supervised chemometric methods were used to reveal hidden ST:STUDY_SUMMARY patterns and highlight metabolite variables associated with the treatment. ST:STUDY_SUMMARY Results: Based on the metabolites identified, both the phenylpropanoid and ST:STUDY_SUMMARY octadecanoid pathways appear to be main route activated by 3,5-DCAA. Different ST:STUDY_SUMMARY classes of responsive metabolites were annotated with favonoids, more especially ST:STUDY_SUMMARY flavones, the most dominant. Given the limited understanding of this inducer, ST:STUDY_SUMMARY this study offers a metabolomics analysis of the response triggered by its ST:STUDY_SUMMARY foliar application in barley. This additional insight could help make informed ST:STUDY_SUMMARY decision for the development of more effective strategies for crop protection ST:STUDY_SUMMARY and improvement, ultimately contributing to agricultural sustainability and ST:STUDY_SUMMARY resilience. ST:INSTITUTE University of Johannesburg ST:DEPARTMENT Biochemistry ST:LABORATORY Plant metabolomics ST:LAST_NAME Claude Yasmine Hamany Djande ST:FIRST_NAME Claude Yasmine ST:ADDRESS 81A Fourth Avenue Westdene ST:EMAIL claudehamany@gmail.com ST:PHONE 0814415123 ST:NUM_GROUPS 4 #SUBJECT SU:SUBJECT_TYPE Plant SU:SUBJECT_SPECIES Hordeum vulgare SU:TAXONOMY_ID 4513 SU:AGE_OR_AGE_RANGE 3 weeks old SU:GENDER Not applicable #SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS: SUBJECT(optional)[tab]SAMPLE[tab]FACTORS(NAME:VALUE pairs separated by |)[tab]Raw file names and additional sample data SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC12HA1b Factor:ElimC12h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC12HA1b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC12HA2b Factor:ElimC12h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC12HA2b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC12HA3b Factor:ElimC12h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC12HA3b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC12HB1b Factor:ElimC12h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC12HB1b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC12HB2b Factor:ElimC12h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC12HB2b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC12HB3b Factor:ElimC12h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC12HB3b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC12HC1b Factor:ElimC12h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC12HC1b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC12HC2b Factor:ElimC12h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC12HC2b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC12HC3b Factor:ElimC12h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC12HC3b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC24HA1b Factor:ElimC24h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC24HA1b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC24HA2b Factor:ElimC24h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC24HA2b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC24HA3b Factor:ElimC24h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC24HA3b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC24HB1b Factor:ElimC24h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC24HB1b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC24HB2b Factor:ElimC24h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC24HB2b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC24HB3b Factor:ElimC24h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC24HB3b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC24HC1b Factor:ElimC24h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC24HC1b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC24HC2b Factor:ElimC24h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC24HC2b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC24HC3b Factor:ElimC24h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC24HC3b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC36HA1b Factor:ElimC36h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC36HA1b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC36HA2b Factor:ElimC36h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC36HA2b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC36HA3b Factor:ElimC36h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC36HA3b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC36HB1b Factor:ElimC36h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC36HB1b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC36HB2b Factor:ElimC36h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC36HB2b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC36HB3b Factor:ElimC36h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC36HB3b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC36HC1b Factor:ElimC36h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC36HC1b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC36HC2b Factor:ElimC36h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC36HC2b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimC36HC3b Factor:ElimC36h | Sample source:Elim Control RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimC36HC3b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA12HA1b Factor:ElimDCAA12h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA12HA1b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA12HA2b Factor:ElimDCAA12h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA12HA2b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA12HA3b Factor:ElimDCAA12h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA12HA3b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA12HB1b Factor:ElimDCAA12h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA12HB1b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA12HB2b Factor:ElimDCAA12h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA12HB2b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA12HB3b Factor:ElimDCAA12h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA12HB3b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA12HC1b Factor:ElimDCAA12h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA12HC1b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA12HC2b Factor:ElimDCAA12h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA12HC2b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA12HC3b Factor:ElimDCAA12h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA12HC3b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA24HA1b Factor:ElimDCAA24h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA24HA1b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA24HA2b Factor:ElimDCAA24h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA24HA2b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA24HA3b Factor:ElimDCAA24h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA24HA3b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA24HB1b Factor:ElimDCAA24h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA24HB1b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA24HB2b Factor:ElimDCAA24h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA24HB2b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA24HB3b Factor:ElimDCAA24h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA24HB3b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA24HC1b Factor:ElimDCAA24h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA24HC1b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA24HC2b Factor:ElimDCAA24h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA24HC2b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA24HC3b Factor:ElimDCAA24h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA24HC3b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA36HA1b Factor:ElimDCAA36h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA36HA1b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA36HA2b Factor:ElimDCAA36h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA36HA2b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA36HA3b Factor:ElimDCAA36h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA36HA3b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA36HB1b Factor:ElimDCAA36h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA36HB1b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA36HB2b Factor:ElimDCAA36h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA36HB2b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA36HB3b Factor:ElimDCAA36h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA36HB3b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA36HC1b Factor:ElimDCAA36h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA36HC1b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA36HC2b Factor:ElimDCAA36h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA36HC2b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721ElimDCAA36HC3b Factor:ElimDCAA36h | Sample source:Elim DCAA RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721ElimDCAA36HC3b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721QCAll1b Factor:QCAll | Sample source:QCAll RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721QCAll1b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721QCAll2b Factor:QCAll | Sample source:QCAll RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721QCAll2b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721QCAll3b Factor:QCAll | Sample source:QCAll RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721QCAll3b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721QCAll4b Factor:QCAll | Sample source:QCAll RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721QCAll4b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721QCAll5b Factor:QCAll | Sample source:QCAll RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721QCAll5b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721QCAll6b Factor:QCAll | Sample source:QCAll RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721QCAll6b SUBJECT_SAMPLE_FACTORS Elim 120721QCAll7b Factor:QCAll | Sample source:QCAll RAW_FILE_NAME(Rwaw file name)=120721QCAll7b #COLLECTION CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY Seeds from the barley cultivar ‘Elim’ were provided by the South African CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY Barley Breeding Institute (SABBI, Bredasdorp, Western Cape, South Africa). They CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY were surfaced-sterilised with 70% ethanol and soaked in sterile water for 2 h CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY prior to cultivation in soil (Germination mix, Culterra, Muldersdrift, South CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY Africa) pasteurised at 70 °C. An average of 40 seeds were planted in each pot CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY (three pots per condition or three biological replicate) measuring 8 cm depth CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY and 12 cm in diameter. The watering of the plants was performed twice a week CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY with water and a solution containing a water-soluble chemical fertiliser CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY (Multisol ‘N’, Culterra, Muldersdrift, South Africa). Seedlings were kept in CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY a regulated growth environment with a 12-hour light-dark cycle at 22 to 27°C CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY until 16 d post-emergence or 21 d after planting, corresponding to physiological CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY stage 13 according to the Zadocks growth and development scale (Zadoks et al. CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY 1974). The priming inducer 3,5-dichloroanthranilic acid (3,5-DCAA) was purchased CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY from Merck-Sigma-Aldrich, (Johannesburg, South Africa). 3,5-DCAA was dissolved CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO, 1 μL.mL-1; BDH Chemicals, UK) and mixed with 0.05% CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY wetting agent (Effekto, Pretoria, South Africa) in distilled water to obtain the CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY desired concentrations. Approximately 6 mL (40 sprays) of 200 μM 3,5-DCAA was CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY applied on the leaf tissue of the seedlings while the controls received only the CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY DMSO solution. The leaf material was harvested at 12, 24 and 36 h post-treatment CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen to quench metabolic activity. Samples were CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY stored in -80 °C for later use. Metabolites were extracted as previously CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY described (Hamany Djande et al., 2023b). Briefly, the leaf tissue was ground CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY with liquid nitrogen, then 80% methanol was added and the mixture was CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY homogenized. Subsequently, all hydromethanolic samples were centrifuged, and the CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY supernatant was concentrated and further evaporated to complete dryness. The CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY dried extracts were dissolved in 50% methanol, filtered, and prepared for LC-MS CO:COLLECTION_SUMMARY analysis. CO:SAMPLE_TYPE Plant shoot tissue #TREATMENT TR:TREATMENT_SUMMARY 3,5-DCAA was dissolved in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO, 1 μL.mL-1; BDH Chemicals, TR:TREATMENT_SUMMARY UK) and mixed with 0.05% wetting agent (Effekto, Pretoria, South Africa) in TR:TREATMENT_SUMMARY distilled water to obtain the desired concentrations. Approximately 6 mL (40 TR:TREATMENT_SUMMARY sprays) of 200 μM 3,5-DCAA was applied on the leaf tissue of the seedlings TR:TREATMENT_SUMMARY while the controls received only the DMSO solution. The leaf material was TR:TREATMENT_SUMMARY harvested at 12, 24 and 36 h post-treatment and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen TR:TREATMENT_SUMMARY to quench metabolic activity. Samples were stored in -80 °C for later use. TR:TREATMENT synthetic inducer TR:TREATMENT_COMPOUND 3,5-DCAA TR:TREATMENT_DOSE Approximately 6 mL (40 sprays) of 200 μM 3,5-DCAA TR:TREATMENT_DOSEVOLUME 6 mL TR:PLANT_WATERING_REGIME Twice a week TR:PLANT_GROWTH_STAGE stage 13 according to the Zadocks growth and development scale (Zadoks et al. TR:PLANT_GROWTH_STAGE 1974) TR:PLANT_STORAGE -80 #SAMPLEPREP SP:SAMPLEPREP_SUMMARY Metabolites were extracted as previously described (Hamany Djande et al., SP:SAMPLEPREP_SUMMARY 2023b). Briefly, the leaf tissue was ground with liquid nitrogen, then 80% SP:SAMPLEPREP_SUMMARY methanol was added and the mixture was homogenized. Subsequently, all SP:SAMPLEPREP_SUMMARY hydromethanolic samples were centrifuged, and the supernatant was concentrated SP:SAMPLEPREP_SUMMARY and further evaporated to complete dryness. The dried extracts were dissolved in SP:SAMPLEPREP_SUMMARY 50% methanol, filtered, and prepared for LC-MS analysis. #CHROMATOGRAPHY CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY The analysis of the aqueous methanol extracts was performed with a Waters CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY Acquity UHPLC coupled to a Waters SYNAPT G1 QTOF (quadrupole time-of-flight) CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY high definition mass spectrometer system (Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA). CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY The HSS T3 C18 column (150 mm x 2.1 mm x 1.8 µm, Waters Corporation) was CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY thermostatted at 60 °C and used for the reverse phase chromatographic CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY separation of extracts. The mobile phase consisted of mass spectrometry grade CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY water and acetonitrile (Romil, SpS, Cambridge, UK) and formic acid CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY (Sigma-Aldrich, Merck, Johannesburg, South Africa). Eluents A (water), and B CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY (acetonitrile), both containing 0.1% formic acid were used for the concave CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY gradient elution running at a flow rate of 0.4 mL min−1. The elution commenced CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY with 5% B for the first min, and gradually increased to 95% B over 24 min. The CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY chromatographic conditions were then adjusted to 10% A and 90% B, for 10 s, CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY followed by 5% A and 95% B for 1 min 50 s before restoration to the initial CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY conditions for column equilibration for 2 min. The injection volume was 2 µL CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY and the total run time was 30 min. To account for analytical variability and to CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY prevent measurement bias, each sample was analysed in triplicate. The sample CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY order was randomised and blanks consisting of 50% methanol were injected to CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY monitor the background noise, possible sample carry-over and solvent CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY contamination. The stability of the LC-MS system was monitored by inserting CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY quality control (QC) samples in the batches. Data acquisition involved three CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY independent biological replicates, with each replicate analysed in triplicate, CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_SUMMARY resulting in a total sample size of n = 9. CH:CHROMATOGRAPHY_TYPE Reversed phase CH:INSTRUMENT_NAME Waters Acquity CH:COLUMN_NAME Waters HSS T3 C18 (150 x 2.1mm x 1.8um) CH:SOLVENT_A 100% water; 0.1% formic acid CH:SOLVENT_B 100% acetonitrile; 0.1% formic acid CH:FLOW_GRADIENT The elution commenced with 5% B for the first min, and gradually increased to CH:FLOW_GRADIENT 95% B over 24 min. The chromatographic conditions were then adjusted to 10% A CH:FLOW_GRADIENT and 90% B, for 10 s, followed by 5% A and 95% B for 1 min 50 s before CH:FLOW_GRADIENT restoration to the initial conditions for column equilibration for 2 min. The CH:FLOW_GRADIENT injection volume was 2 µL and the total run time was 30 min CH:FLOW_RATE 0.4 mL/min CH:COLUMN_TEMPERATURE N/A #ANALYSIS AN:ANALYSIS_TYPE MS #MS MS:INSTRUMENT_NAME Waters SYNAPT G1 QTOF MS:INSTRUMENT_TYPE QTOF MS:MS_TYPE ESI MS:ION_MODE NEGATIVE MS:MS_COMMENTS The high resolution, accurate mass TOF-MS analyser was used in a V-optics mode, MS:MS_COMMENTS with the centroid spectral data acquired in negative electrospray ionisation MS:MS_COMMENTS (ESI) modes. Operating parameters included masses ranging from 50 to 1200 Da and MS:MS_COMMENTS a scan time of 0.1 s; the capillary voltage set at 2.5 kV; sampling and MS:MS_COMMENTS extraction cone voltages at 40 V and 4.0 V, respectively. The desolvation and MS:MS_COMMENTS cone gas flows were set at 550 L h−1 and 50 L h−1, respectively, with MS:MS_COMMENTS nitrogen used as the nebulisation gas at a flow rate of 700 L h−1. A MS:MS_COMMENTS desolvation temperature of 450 °C and a fixed source temperature of 120 °C MS:MS_COMMENTS were used. Leucine encephalin ([M-H]− = 554.2615 and [M + H]+ = 556.2766) at a MS:MS_COMMENTS concentration of 50 pg mL−1, served as the reference mass calibrant, and was MS:MS_COMMENTS sampled every 15 sec to generate an average intensity of 350 counts per scan. MS:MS_COMMENTS This reference helped the processing software (MassLynx XSTM 4.1, Waters MS:MS_COMMENTS Corporation, Milford, MA, USA) to perform automatic correction of slight MS:MS_COMMENTS centroid mass deviations observed in the samples, ensuring precise mass MS:MS_COMMENTS measurements with typical mass accuracy ranging from 1 to 3 mDa. Both intact and MS:MS_COMMENTS fragmented data were aquired using an MSE method with collision energies ranging MS:MS_COMMENTS from 10 to 40 eV. The fragmentation data were employed for subsequent metabolite MS:MS_COMMENTS structural elucidation and annotation. MS:MS_RESULTS_FILE ST003399_AN005579_Results.txt UNITS:m/z_rt Has m/z:Yes Has RT:Yes RT units:Minutes #END